Now light steel structure and steel grid are widely used in all kinds of buildings in our country. Because of its wide use, it promotes the development of modern industry in our country to a certain extent. In the production process of light steel and space truss, welding structure is widely used. Many practice and research found that the welded structure has its own regularity, if not correctly grasp, the use of welded structure will be limited, and even cause great loss of people's lives and property.

1.焊接接頭

1. Welded joint

在焊接結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般可選用不同方式焊接接頭，有些接頭方式是焊接工藝所特有的，有些是用鉚接或螺栓接頭套用來的。一般說來前者可更好地契合焊接結(jié)構(gòu)作業(yè)功能的要求。常見的焊接接頭有對(duì)接接頭、T接頭、角接頭和搭接接頭四種根本類型。

In the welding structure, generally can choose different ways of welding joints, some joint methods are unique to the welding process, some are used for riveting or bolt joint sleeve. Generally speaking, the former can better meet the requirements of welding structure operation function. The common welded joints are butt joint, T joint, corner joint and lap joint.

對(duì)接接頭：不同板厚的對(duì)接接頭方式不同，一般薄板可選用卷邊接頭，或選用不開坡口單面焊縫方式，板厚添加可選用帶墊板不開坡口的單面焊縫接頭，但引薦選用不帶墊板的雙面焊縫對(duì)接接頭。為了保證焊透，對(duì)接接頭可在單面開坡口或雙面開坡口后焊接，坡口形狀有v形、u形、x型和K型等。

Butt joints: butt joints with different plate thicknesses are different. Generally, thin plate can choose crimping joint or single side weld without groove. Single side weld joint with backing plate without groove can be selected for plate thickness addition, but double side weld butt joint without backing plate is recommended. In order to ensure the penetration, butt joint can be welded after single side or double side groove. The groove shape includes V-shape, U-shape, X-shape and K-shape.

關(guān)于埋弧主動(dòng)焊工藝可選用與手弧焊相同的對(duì)接接頭方式，但坡口上的尺度參數(shù)有必定的改變，如下圖。

For the submerged arc active welding process, the same butt joint mode as manual arc welding can be selected, but the dimension parameters on the groove have certain changes, as shown in the figure below.

T形接頭：同樣有開坡口和不開坡口等方式，在該類接頭中選用不開坡口角焊縫施焊類型為廣泛，一般可選用等角或不同焊腳尺度的角焊縫。 角接頭：其特性介于對(duì)接接頭和T形接頭之間，接頭中焊縫可接近于對(duì)接焊縫和角焊縫。 搭接接頭：這種焊縫由鉚接或螺栓接頭轉(zhuǎn)化而來。搭接接頭中一般要用角焊縫施焊，它能夠是旁邊面焊縫、瑞面焊縫或是聯(lián)合焊縫、塞焊也是搭接接頭焊接辦法之一。

T-joint: there are also beveling and non beveling methods. In this kind of joint, non beveling fillet weld is widely used. Generally, fillet weld with equal angle or different leg size can be used. Fillet joint: its characteristics are between butt joint and T-joint, and the weld in the joint can be close to butt weld and fillet weld. Lap joint: this kind of weld is transformed from riveted or bolted joint. Generally, fillet weld is used in lap joint. It can be side face weld, side face weld, joint weld or plug weld. It is also one of the welding methods of lap joint.

2.焊縫

2. Weld

焊縫是由不同方式的焊接成形，主要分為對(duì)接焊縫（平面對(duì)接及曲面對(duì)接）角焊縫兩種。

Weld is formed by different ways of welding, mainly divided into butt weld (plane butt and curved butt) and fillet weld.

焊縫按其外外表形狀能夠分為上凸及平面形狀，而角焊縫除上述兩種外，還可選用下凹焊縫。經(jīng)很多的焊縫成形實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，上凸焊縫外表上看似乎是加強(qiáng)了焊縫，加大了焊縫的截面積，實(shí)踐上，上凸焊縫對(duì)接頭的作業(yè)是晦氣的，不能增大焊接截面的抗拉強(qiáng)度，這是由于在荷載作用下，上凸焊縫使傳力線發(fā)作歪扭。在焊縫向基體金屬過渡處發(fā)作應(yīng)力集 中而使焊縫與基體金屬結(jié)合處斷裂。為了進(jìn)步對(duì)接焊縫的作業(yè)功能，可選用焊縫外形，這有利于力線的均勻傳遞，削減應(yīng)力會(huì)集。關(guān)于角焊縫，可選用下凹焊縫，該焊縫外型使焊縫向基體金屬形成滑潤過渡，可有效地削減應(yīng)力會(huì)集，因此可較大的進(jìn)步焊接接頭作業(yè)功能。

According to the external shape of the weld, it can be divided into convex and plane shape, while the fillet weld can also choose concave weld besides the above two kinds. Through a lot of weld forming experiments, it is found that the convex weld on the surface seems to strengthen the weld and increase the cross-sectional area of the weld. In practice, the convex weld is bad for the operation of the joint and can not increase the tensile strength of the welding section. This is because the convex weld causes the distortion of the force transmission line under the action of load. Stress concentration occurs at the transition from weld to base metal, resulting in fracture of the joint between weld and base metal. In order to improve the operation function of butt weld, the weld shape can be selected, which is conducive to the uniform transmission of stress line and the reduction of stress concentration. For the fillet weld, the concave weld can be selected. The appearance of the weld makes the weld form a smooth transition to the base metal, which can effectively reduce the stress concentration, so it can greatly improve the operation function of the welding joint.